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{"id":2343,"date":"2020-12-02T22:15:22","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T22:15:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/?page_id=2343"},"modified":"2020-12-03T18:37:13","modified_gmt":"2020-12-03T18:37:13","slug":"pioneers-of-computer-graphics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/pioneers-of-computer-graphics\/","title":{"rendered":"Pioneers of CGI – Part I – 1930 to 1980 – analog to digital"},"content":{"rendered":"

https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/graphicshistory\/back-matter\/cg-historical-timeline\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

1938<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Valensi proposes color TV<\/span><\/p>\n
1939<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard design the Audio Oscillator<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
1949<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n
John Whitney enters first International Experimental Film Competition in Belgium<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/iframe><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mary Ellen Butte<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YRmu-GcClls\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1950<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cybernetics and Society \u2013 Norbert Weiner (MIT)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ben Laposky uses oscilloscope to display waveforms which were photographed as artwork<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1951<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Graphics display on vectorscope on Whirlwind computer in first public demonstration<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1955<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SAGE system at Lincoln Lab uses first light pen (Ivan Sutherland)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1956<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lawrence Livermore National Labs connects graphics display to IBM 704; use film recorder for color images<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1958<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saul Bass creates titles for Hitchcock\u2019s Vertigo<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Vertigo (1958) title sequence\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SkLn8mamU78?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrated circuit (IC, or Chip) invented by Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Electronics<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John Whitney Sr. uses analog computer to make art<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1960<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">William Fetter of Boeing coins the term \u201ccomputer graphics\u201d for his human factors cockpit drawings<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John Whitney Sr. founds Motion Graphics, Inc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LISP developed by John McCarthy<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DEC PDP-1 introduced<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1961<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spacewars, 1st video game, developed by Steve Russell at MIT for the PDP-1<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Spacewar! (1962)\" width=\"1080\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YZxSaXIHy_o?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1963<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1st computer art competition, sponsored by Computers and Automation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sketchpad developed beginning in 1961 by Ivan Sutherland at MIT is unveiled Mouse invented by Doug Englebart of SRI<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coons\u2019 patches<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Early computer generated film by Edward Zajac (Bell Labs)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Noll (Bell Labs) starts his Gaussian Quadratic series of artwork<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/miro.medium.com\/max\/946\/1*oAwf5QVTlZ9bJbjyUYa9jg.jpeg\" alt=\"1966. Michael Noll & Kenneth Knowlton | by Eliza Pertigkiozoglou | Medium\" \/><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roberts hidden line algorithm (MIT)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Society for Information Display established<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fetter of Boeing creates the \u201cFirst Man\u201d digital human for cockpit studies<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1964<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Project MAC (MIT)<\/li>\n<li>IBM 2250 console ($125,000) introduced with IBM 360 computer<\/li>\n<li><i>Poem Field<\/i>\u00a0by Stan Vanderbeek and Ken Knowlton<\/li>\n<li>Ruth Weiss introduces drawing software that performs hidden line elimination<\/li>\n<li>Electronic character generator<\/li>\n<li>RAND tablet input device (commercially known as Grafacon)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/linkwiztix.com\/MMST11010\/images\/10Limages\/10l_ix.jpg\" alt=\"10_ix\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1965<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>1st computer art exhibition, at Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart<\/li>\n<li>Utah computer science department founded<\/li>\n<li>Bresenham Algorithm for plotting lines<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1860\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1860\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1860\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/270px-Tektronix_4012.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/270px-Tektronix_4012.jpg 184w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/270px-Tektronix_4012-65x97.jpg 65w\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"223\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1860\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Tektronix\u00a0DVST<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tektronix Direct View Storage Tube (DVST)<\/li>\n<li>1st U.S. computer art exhibition, at Howard Wise Gallery in New York<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/proxy\/KKsp6P8ZTkdt7ungBAXStLtBkeDe-sKAK_x77g2aWkf3lePRTsySDacgDw9bntd0AbftlusryD3sajySe2zFl7GF78d5pb2Sy2ZIByXGFfVt9y3lfjsOFnJbs1gWJIE-2jYkYn55DQ\" alt=\"Computer-Generated Pictures (Noll & Julesz) | Database of Digital Art\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1966<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Odyssey<\/i>, home video game developed by Ralph Baer of Sanders Assoc., is 1st consumer CG product<\/li>\n<li>Plasma Panel introduced (first developed at Illinois in 1964 as part of the PLATO project)<\/li>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1432\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 385px;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1432\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Studies in Perception<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li><i>Studies in Perception I<\/i>\u00a0by Ken Knowlton and Leon Harmon (Bell Labs)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1432\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 385px;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1432\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1432\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Knowlton_Nude_full.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Knowlton_Nude_full.jpg 350w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Knowlton_Nude_full-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Knowlton_Nude_full-65x27.jpg 65w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Knowlton_Nude_full-225x93.jpg 225w\" alt=\"\" width=\"385\" height=\"159\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>MAGI founded by Phil Mittleman<\/li>\n<li>Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.) started in New York by artist Robert Rauschenberg and Bell Labs engineer Billy Kl\u00fcver<\/li>\n<li>IBM awards Artist-in-Residence to John Whitney, Sr.<\/li>\n<li>Loutrel hidden line algorithm<\/li>\n<li>Lincoln Wand developed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/2017-chm-fellow-lawrence-roberts-lincoln-wand-paulrovner.png\" alt=\"2017-chm-fellow-lawrence-roberts-lincoln-wand-paulrovner - CHM\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1967<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Appel hidden line algorithm<\/li>\n<li>Steven Coons publishes his surface patch \u201clittle red book\u201d (Ref: Coons, Steven A. 1967.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/09\/Coons-redbook.pdf\"><i>Surfaces for Computer-aided Design of Space Forms<\/i><\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0Project MAC Report MAC-TR-41. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1225\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1225\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1225\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li><i>Sine Curve Man<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Hummingbird<\/i>\u00a0created by Chuck Csuri<\/li>\n<li>MIT\u2019s Center for Advanced Visual Studies founded by Gyorgy Kepes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1968<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>DEC 338 intelligent graphics terminal<\/li>\n<li>Tektronix 4010<\/li>\n<li>Intel founded<\/li>\n<li>University of Utah asks Dave Evans to form a CG department in computer science<\/li>\n<li>Warnock algorithm<\/li>\n<li>Watkins algorithm<\/li>\n<li><i>Permutations<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 John Whitney, Sr.<\/li>\n<li>Sutherland Head Mounted Display<\/li>\n<li>Evans & Sutherland Calma, Computek, Houston Instrument, Imlac founded<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Ivan Sutherland - Head Mounted Display\" width=\"1080\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NtwZXGprxag?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"History of Virtual Reality - Reality Check\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/43mA_ypfwKg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1969<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Computer Space arcade game built by Nolan Bushnell<\/li>\n<li>Xerox PARC founded<\/li>\n<li>Lee Harrison\u2019s CAESAR animation system<\/li>\n<li>Bell Labs builds first framebuffer (3 bits)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1142\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1142\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1142\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/08\/u-matic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1142\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>U-matic Tape<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sony U-Matic 3\/4\u2033 video cassette<\/li>\n<li>1st use of CGI for commercials \u2013 MAGI for IBM<\/li>\n<li>SIGGRAPH formed<\/li>\n<li>ComputerVision, Applicon, Vector General founded<\/li>\n<li>ARPANET is born<\/li>\n<li>Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed by Xerox (Alan Kay)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Cn4vC80Pv6Q\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1970<\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1209\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1209\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1209\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/sonic-pen-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"148\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1209\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Sonic Pen<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Sonic Pen 3-D input device<\/li>\n<li>Watkins algorithm for visible surfaces<\/li>\n<li>Lillian Schwartz produces\u00a0<i>Pixellation<\/i>\u00a0at Bell Labs<\/li>\n<li>Pierre Bezier from Renault develops Bezier freeform curve representation<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1684\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 313px;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1684\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1684\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/cubic_split_proof_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"313\" height=\"198\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1684\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em> Bezier Curve<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>1971<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Gouraud shading<\/li>\n<li>Ramtek founded<\/li>\n<li>GINO \u2013 Cambridge University<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1496\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1496\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1496\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/intel_4004_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1496\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Intel 4004<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Intel 4004 4-bit processor<\/li>\n<li><em>Interactive Graphics for Computer-Aided Design<\/em>\u00a0(Prince) published<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1608\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1608\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1608\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Floppy-8inch-wDiskette.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1608\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Floppy Disk<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Floppy disk (8\u2033) \u2013 IBM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>1972<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MAGI Synthevision started<\/li>\n<li>CGRG founded at Ohio State<\/li>\n<li>NASA IPAD initiative started<\/li>\n<li>Graphics Standards Planning Committee organized by ACM-SIGGRAPH<\/li>\n<li>The @ symbol selected for email addresses by BBN<\/li>\n<li>Emmy awarded to Lee Harrison for SCANIMATE<\/li>\n<li>Alto computer introduced by Xerox PARC (Alan Kay)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1871\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1871\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1871\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/180px-KL_MME_U808.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/180px-KL_MME_U808.jpg 144w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/180px-KL_MME_U808-65x39.jpg 65w\" alt=\"\" width=\"144\" height=\"86\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1871\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Intel 8008<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Megatek, Summagraphics, Computervision, Applicon founded<\/li>\n<li>Utah hand (Catmull) and face (Parke) animations produced<\/li>\n<li>Computer Graphics and Image Processing journal begins publication<\/li>\n<li>8-bit frame buffer developed by Dick Shoup at Xerox PARC<\/li>\n<li>Sandin Image Processor \u2013 Dan Sandin, Univ. Illinois-Chicago Circle<\/li>\n<li>Atari formed (Nolan Bushnell)<\/li>\n<li>Newell, Newell and Sancha visible surface algorithm<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1805\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1805\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1805\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Atari-C-100-Pong_www.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1805\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Pong<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Video game Pong developed for Atari<\/li>\n<li>Graphics Symbiosis System (GRASS) developed at Ohio State by Tom DeFanti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1973<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>E&S begins marketing first commercial frame buffer<\/li>\n<li>Ethernet \u2013 Bob Metcalf (Harvard)<\/li>\n<li>Quantel founded<\/li>\n<li><i>Westworld<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 uses 2D graphics<\/li>\n<li>Circle Graphics Habitat founded at Univ. Illinois Chicago (Tom DeFanti & Dan Sandin)<\/li>\n<li>Moore\u2019s Law (the number of transistors on a microchip will double every year and a half) by Intel\u2019s chairman, Mr. Gordon Moore<\/li>\n<li>Nolan Bushnell\u2019s video game Computer Space appears in movie\u00a0<i>Soylent Green<\/i><br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1270\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1270\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1270 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/portapak_woman.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/portapak_woman.jpg 137w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/portapak_woman-65x133.jpg 65w\" alt=\"\" width=\"137\" height=\"280\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1270\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Portapak<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>3\/4 inch Portapack replaces 16mm film for news gathering<\/li>\n<li>Richard Shoup develops PARC raster display<\/li>\n<li>Rich Riesenfeld (Syracuse) introduces b-splines for geometric design<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h3><strong>1974<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Motion Pictures Product Group formed at III by John Whitney, Jr. and Gary Demos<\/li>\n<li>Alex Schure opens CGL at NYIT, with Ed Catmull as Director<\/li>\n<li>Barnhill and Riesenfeld introduce the name \u201cComputer-Aided Geometric Design\u201d (CAGD)<\/li>\n<li>SuperPaint developed by Dick Shoup and Alvy Ray Smith<\/li>\n<li>TCP protocol (Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1103\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1103\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1103\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Intel (Zilog) 8080<\/li>\n<li>Z-buffer developed by Ed Catmull (University of Utah)<\/li>\n<li><i>Futureworld<\/i>\u00a0(sequel to\u00a0<i>Westworld<\/i>) uses 3D CGI (III)<\/li>\n<li><i>Hunger\/La Faim<\/i>\u00a0produced by Peter Foldes at National Research Council of Canada; wins Cannes Film Festival Prix de Jury award for animation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1975<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Phong shading \u2013 Bui-Tuong Phong (University of Utah)<\/li>\n<li>fractals \u2013 Benoit Mandelbrot (IBM)<\/li>\n<li>Winged edge polyhedra representation (Bruce Baumgart)<\/li>\n<li>Catmull curved surface rendering algorithm<\/li>\n<li>Bill Gates starts Microsoft<\/li>\n<li>Quantel (QUANtized TELevision) introduces the DFS3000 Digital Framestore<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1227\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1227\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/search3Fq3Dutah2Bteapot26tbm3Disch26tbo3Duzoom1qutahteapotusg__tmoAUkVTB1-BbEVoyZYC7bIByjYdocidnVJe7o0wReYKaMsaXeijz1qULWcDcro0QHBy4CgBQved0CC0Q9QEwAQdur1553.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1227\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Teapot<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Martin Newell (Utah) develops CGI teapot (physical teapot now in the Computer Museum in Boston)<\/li>\n<li>JPL Graphics Lab developed (Bob Holzman)<\/li>\n<li><i>Arabesque\u00a0<\/i>completed (John Whitney)<\/li>\n<li><i>Anima<\/i>\u00a0animation system developed at CGRG at Ohio State (Csuri)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-Q6XIv3UvwY\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1976<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>MIT’s Visible Language Workshop founded by Muriel Cooper<\/li>\n<li>Ed Catmull develops \u201ctweening\u201d software (NYIT)<\/li>\n<li>Jim Clark\u2019s Hierarchical model for visible surface detection<\/li>\n<li>Jim Blinn develops reflectance and environment mapping (University of Utah)<\/li>\n<li>Nelson Max\u2019s sphere inversion film<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1121\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1121\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/vegreville_pysanka.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1121\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Pysanka<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Ukrainian Pysanka Egg erected in Vegraville, Canada by Ron Resch<\/li>\n<li>Sony Beta home video<\/li>\n<li>Floppy disk (5 1\/4\u2033)<\/li>\n<li>Apple 1 (Wozniak)<\/li>\n<li>Computer Graphics Newsletter started by Joel Orr;<\/li>\n<li>Peter Fonda\u2019s head digitized and rendered by III for\u00a0<i>Futureworld<\/i><br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1113\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1113\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/VPR-1_012.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1113\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>VPR-1<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li><i>Artist and Computer<\/i>, by Ruth Leavitt<\/li>\n<li><i>Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics<\/i>\u00a0(David Rogers) published<\/li>\n<li>Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple computer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1977<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Apple Computer incorporated<\/li>\n<li>Frank Crow introduces antialiasing<\/li>\n<li>Jim Blinn introduces a new illumination model that considers surface \u201cfacets\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences introduces Visual Effects category for Oscars<\/li>\n<li>R\/Greenberg founded (Richard and Robert Greenberg)<\/li>\n<li>SIGGRAPH CORE Graphics standard<\/li>\n<li>Ampex ESSTM (Electronic Still Store) system introduced for network sports slo-mo<\/li>\n<li>Larry Cuba produces Death Star simulation for\u00a0<i>Star Wars<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Star Wars Flight Simulator - Blowing up the First Death Star\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KIeR_qpB1a0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1978<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Tom DeFanti\u2019s GRASS system rewritten for Bally home computer (Zgrass)<\/li>\n<li>Digital Effects founded (Judson Rosebush, Jeff Kleiser, et al)<\/li>\n<li>Lance Williams curved shadows paper<\/li>\n<li>Ikonas frame buffer \u2013 England\/Whitton<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1421\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1421\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1421\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/leroy-neiman.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1421\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Leroy Nieman<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Leroy Neiman uses Ampex AVA-1TM video art system to draw (on air) football players in Super Bowl XII<\/li>\n<li>1st CGI film title \u2013 Superman (R. Greenberg)<\/li>\n<li>James Blinn produces the first of a series of animations titled\u00a0<i>The Mechanical Universe<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Bump mapping introduced<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1979<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>National Computer Graphics Association (NCGA) organized by Peter Preuss of ISSCO and Joel Orr<\/li>\n<li>IGES graphics file format specified<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1854\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1854\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1854\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/3279.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1854\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>IBM 3279<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Motorola 68000 32-bit processor<\/li>\n<li>Atari 8-bit computers introduced<\/li>\n<li>Disney produces\u00a0<i>The Black Hole<\/i>\u00a0using CGI for the opening<\/li>\n<li>George Lucas hires Ed Catmull, Ralph Guggenheim and Alvy Ray Smith to form Lucasfilm<\/li>\n<li><i>Sunstone<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 Ed Emshwiller (NYIT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Emshwiller Ed Sunstone 1979\" width=\"1080\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8KU-g_zCfIM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>1980s<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>1980<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Vol Libre<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 Loren Carpenter of Boeing<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1874\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1874\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1874\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/1981-apollo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1874\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Apollo Computer<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Apollo Computer founded \u2013 introduces the 68000 based DN100 workstation<\/li>\n<li>Turner Whitted of Bell Labs publishes ray tracing paper<\/li>\n<li>First NCGA conference \u2013 Arlington, Virginia \u2013 Steven Levine, President<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1658\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1658\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Donkeykong.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1658\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Donkey Kong<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li><i>Donkey Kong<\/i>\u00a0introduced by Nintendo (Mario named in US release)<\/li>\n<li>IBM licenses DOS from Microsoft<\/li>\n<li>Apple Computer IPO \u2013 4.6M shares @ $22<\/li>\n<li>Aurora Systems founded by Richard Shoup<\/li>\n<li>SIGGRAPH Core standard reorganized as ANSC X3H3.1<\/li>\n<li>EUROGRAPHICS (The European Association for Computer Graphics) formed; first conference at Geneva<\/li>\n<li>Disney contracts Abel, III, MAGI and DE for computer graphics for the movie\u00a0<i>Tron<\/i><\/li>\n<li>MIT Media Lab founded by Nicholas Negroponte<\/li>\n<li>Pacific Data Images founded by Carl Rosendahl<\/li>\n<li>Hanna-Barbera, largest producer of animation in the U.S., begins computer automation<\/li>\n<li>Quantel introduces Paintbox<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantel Paintbox Demo 1990\" width=\"1080\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BwO4LP0wLbY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1981<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Sony Betacam<\/li>\n<li>Tom DeFanti expands GRASS to Bally Z-50 machine (ZGRASS) \u2013 University Illinois \u2013 Chicago Circle<\/li>\n<li>IBM introduces the first IBM PC (16 bit 8088 chip)<\/li>\n<li>DEC introduces VT100<\/li>\n<li>IEEE\u00a0<i>Computer Graphics and Applications<\/i>\u00a0published by IEEE Computer Society and NCGA<\/li>\n<li>Ampex ADO\u00ae system introduced; garners an Emmy award in 1983<\/li>\n<li>Digital Productions formed by Whitney and Demos<\/li>\n<li>Cranston\/Csuri Productions founded by Chuck Csuri, Robert Kanuth and Jim Kristoff.<\/li>\n<li>R\/Greenberg opens CGI division (Chris Woods)<\/li>\n<li>MITI Fifth Generation Computer Project announced by Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry<\/li>\n<li>REYES renderer written at LucasFilm<\/li>\n<li>Penguin Software (now Polarware) introduces the Complete Graphics System<\/li>\n<li><i>Looker<\/i>\u00a0includes the virtual human character Cindy (Susan Dey) \u2013 1st film with shaded graphics(III)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1812\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1812 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/adam-powers.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Adam Powers<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li><i>Adam Powers, the Juggler<\/i>\u00a0produced by III<\/li>\n<li><i>Carla\u2019s Island<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 Nelson Max<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>1982<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i>The Last Starfighter<\/i>\u00a0(Digital Productions) begins production<\/li>\n<li><i>Tron<\/i>\u00a0released<\/li>\n<li>The Geometry Engine (Clark)<\/li>\n<li>Jim Clark founds Silicon Graphics Inc.<\/li>\n<li>Sun Microsystems founded (sun := Stanford University Network)<\/li>\n<li>Alain Fournier , Don Fussell , Loren Carpenter,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/09\/stochastic-fournier.pdf\"><i>Computer Rendering of Stochastic Models<\/i><\/a>. Communications of the ACM, v.25 n.6, p.371-384, June 1982 (Fractal Rendering paper)<\/li>\n<li><i>Skeleton Animation System<\/i>\u00a0(SAS) developed at CGRG at Ohio State (Dave Zeltzer)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1858\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1858\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/220px-Sony_mavica_fd5_cleaned.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1858\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Mavica<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sony still frame video camera (Mavica)<\/li>\n<li>ACM begins publication of TOG (<i>Transactions on Graphics<\/i>)<\/li>\n<li>Tom Brighham develops morphing (NYIT)<\/li>\n<li>Adobe founded by John Warnock<\/li>\n<li>Toyo Links established in Tokyo<\/li>\n<li>Quantel Mirage<\/li>\n<li>Symbolics Graphics Division founded<\/li>\n<li>EPCOT Center opens<\/li>\n<li>Atari develops the data glove.<\/li>\n<li><i>Where the Wild Things Are<\/i>\u00a0test (MAGI) \u2013 digital compositing used to combine CG backgrounds and traditional animation<\/li>\n<li>AutoDesk founded; AutoCAD released<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1466\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1466\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1466\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/javascript-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1466\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Frames from the Genesis Effect<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>ILM computer graphics division develops \u201cGenesis effect\u201d for\u00a0<i>Star Trek II \u2013 The Wrath of Khan<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>1983<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Particle systems (Reeves \u2013 Lucasfilm)<\/li>\n<li>Computer Graphics SGI IRIS 1000 graphics workstation<\/li>\n<li>Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) introduced by Tiller (Note: this date is somewhat misleading, since the concept built on the work of Vesprille (1975), Riesenfeld (1973), Knapp (1979), Coons (1968) and Forrest (1972))<\/li>\n<li><i>Road to Point Reyes<\/i>\u00a0created \u2013 Lucasfilm<\/li>\n<li><i>The Last Starfighter<\/i>\u00a0released<\/li>\n<li>Jim Blinn receives the first (1983) ACM SIGGRAPH CG Achievement Award<\/li>\n<li>Ivan Sutherland receives the first (1983) ACM SIGGRAPH Steven A. Coons Award<\/li>\n<li>Steve Dompier\u2019s \u201cMicro Illustrator\u201d<\/li>\n<li>UNIX System V<\/li>\n<li>Utah Raster Toolkit introduced (Spencer Thomas)<\/li>\n<li>Autodesk introduces first PC-based CAD software<\/li>\n<li>Alias founded in Toronto by Stephen Bingham, Nigel McGrath, Susan McKenna and David Springer mip-mapping introduced for efficient texture mapping (Williams \u2013 NYIT) (Ref: Williams, Lance.\u00a0<i>Pyramidal Parametrics<\/i>. Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 83 Proceedings) 17(3) July 1983, p. 1-11.<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1201\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1201\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1201\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/sony_1982_CDP101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"99\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1201\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Sony CD Player<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sony and Philips introduce 1st CD player<\/li>\n<li>Wacom Co., Ltd started in Japan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1984<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Robert Abel & Associates produces the 1st computer generated 30 second commercial used for Super Bowl (<i>Brilliance<\/i>)<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1274\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1274\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1274\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/pg4a_10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1274\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Scene from Brilliance<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Wavefront Technologies is the first commercially available 3D software package (founded by Mark Sylvester, Larry Barels and Bill Kovacs )<\/li>\n<li>Thomson Digital Image (TDI) founded<\/li>\n<li>Jim Clark receives the 1984 ACM SIGGRAPH CG Achievement Award<\/li>\n<li>International Resource Development report predicts the extinction of the keyboard in the next decade<\/li>\n<li>A-buffer (or alpha-buffer) introduced by Carpenter of Lucasfilm<\/li>\n<li>Distributed ray tracing introduced by Lucasfilm<\/li>\n<li>Cook shading model (Lucasfilm)<\/li>\n<li>14.5 minute computer generated IMAX film (The Magic Egg) shown at SIGGRAPH 84<\/li>\n<li>Universal Studios opens CG department<\/li>\n<li>First Macintosh computer is sold; introduced with Clio award winning commercial 1984 during Super Bowl<\/li>\n<li>McDonnel Douglas introduces the Polhemus 3Space digitizer and body Tracker<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1864\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1864\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1864\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/200px-Cornell_box.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/200px-Cornell_box.jpg 160w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/200px-Cornell_box-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/200px-Cornell_box-65x65.jpg 65w\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1864\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Cornell Box<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>The Cornell Box invented by Cohen<\/li>\n<li>Radiosity born \u2013 Cornell University<\/li>\n<li>John Lasseter joins Lucasfilm<\/li>\n<li>Motorola 68020<\/li>\n<li>Digital Productions (Whitney and Demos) get Academy Technical Achievement Award for CGI simulation of motion picture photography<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1844\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1844\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1844 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/68020.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/68020.jpg 200w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/68020-65x38.jpg 65w\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"118\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1844\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Motorola 68020<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lucasfilms introduces motion blur effects<\/li>\n<li>Porter and Duff compositing algorithm (Lucasfilm)<\/li>\n<li>The Adventures of Andre and Wally B. (Lucasfilm)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1985<\/strong><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1861\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1861\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/280px-Amiga500_system.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Amiga<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Commodore launches the new Amiga<\/li>\n<li><i>Max Headroom<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 computer-mediated live action figure<\/li>\n<li>Judson Rosebush Co. started<\/li>\n<li>Abel Image Research takes Robert Abel & Associates to shaded graphics business<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1159\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1159\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1159\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/TonyDePeltrie.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1159\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Tony De Peltrie<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li><i>Tony de Peltrie<\/i>\u00a0airs<\/li>\n<li>stereo TV<\/li>\n<li><i>Biosensor\u00a0<\/i>(Toyo Links)<\/li>\n<li>Cray 2<\/li>\n<li>GKS standard<\/li>\n<li>Quantel Harry is first non-linear editor<\/li>\n<li>UNIX X10R1<\/li>\n<li>CGW predicts 90s graphics workstation<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1171\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1171\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1171\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Targa_3100_board.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Targa_3100_board.jpg 245w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Targa_3100_board-65x48.jpg 65w, https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Targa_3100_board-225x165.jpg 225w\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"110\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1171\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Targa<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Targa 16 board (AT&T) goes to market<\/li>\n<li>Pixar Image Computer goes to market<\/li>\n<li>NeXT Incorporated founded by Steve Jobs and five former Apple senior managers<\/li>\n<li>Perlin\u2019s noise functions introduced (Ref: Perlin, Ken.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/06\/synthesizer-perlin.pdf\"><i>An Image Synthesizer<\/i><\/a>. Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 85 Proceedings) 19(3) July 1985, p. 287-296.)<\/li>\n<li>CD-ROMs High Sierra (ISO9660) standard introduced<\/li>\n<li>PostScript (Adobe \u2013 John Warnock)<\/li>\n<li>PODA creature animation system developed by Girard and Maciejewski at Ohio State (Ref: Girard, Michael and A. A. Maciejewski.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/09\/girard-legged-figures.pdf\"><i>Computational Modeling for the Computer Animation of Legged Figures<\/i><\/a>. Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 85 Proceedings) 19(3) July 1985, p. 263-270.)<\/li>\n<li>Boss Films founded by Richard Edlund<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1615\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1615\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1615\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/File-The_MIT_Media_Lab_-_Flickr_-_Knight_Foundation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1615\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Media Lab<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>MIT Media Lab moves to new home<\/li>\n<li><i>Young Sherlock Holmes<\/i>\u00a0stained glass knight (Lucasfilm),\u00a0<i>2010\u00a0<\/i>(Boss Films)and\u00a0<i>Looker<\/i>\u00a0(DP)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>1986<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><i>The Great Mouse Detective<\/i>\u00a0was the first animated film to be aided by CG.<\/li>\n<li>Pixar purchased from Lucasfilm by Steve Jobs<\/li>\n<li>X-Window System (MIT Project Athena)<\/li>\n<li>Trancept Systems founded by Nick England and Mary Whitton \u2013 graphics board for Sun<\/li>\n<li>CGI group starts at Industrial Light and Magic (Doug Kay and George Joblove)<\/li>\n<li>Softimage founded by Daniel Langlois in Montreal<\/li>\n<li>Computer Associates acquires ISSCO<\/li>\n<li>Microsoft goes public (IPO raises $61M; share prices go from $21 to $28)<\/li>\n<li>Apple IIgs introduced<\/li>\n<li>Silicon Graphics Incorporated IPO<\/li>\n<li>SGI IRIS 3000 (MIPS processor)<\/li>\n<li>Turner Whitted receives the 1986 ACM SIGGRAPH CG Achievement Award<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_799\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-799\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-799 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Screen-Shot-2012-10-01-at-11.38.23-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-799\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Jim Henson \u2013 Waldo<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Jim Henson Waldo project introduces motion capture (Digital Productions)<\/li>\n<li>Kajiya\u2019s Rendering Equation<\/li>\n<li>Omnibus assumes Robert Able & Associates and Digital Productions<\/li>\n<li>Whitney\/Demos Productions founded<\/li>\n<li><i>Luxo Jr.<\/i>\u00a0nominated for Oscar (first CGI film to be nominated \u2013 Pixar)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1405\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1405\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1405 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Luxo-Jr-Ball.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1405\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Luxo Jr.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>TIFF (Aldus)<\/li>\n<li>Scitex founded for prepress<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> <\/p>\n<h3><strong>1987<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>GIF format (CompuServe), JPEG format (Joint Photographic Experts Group)<\/li>\n<li><i>Willow<\/i>\u00a0(Lucasfilm) popularizes morphing<\/li>\n<li><i>Max Headroom<\/i>\u00a0debuts<\/li>\n<li>LucasArts formed<\/li>\n<li>CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) standard<\/li>\n<li>Side Effects Software established<\/li>\n<li>VGA (Video Graphivs Array) invented by IBM<\/li>\n<li>Windows 2.0, MS\/OS 2, Excel<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1191\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1191\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-1191\" src=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/04\/Sun_SparcStation4_und_Monitor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1191\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Sparc Station 4<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sun 4 SPARC workstation<\/li>\n<li>Reynolds\u2019 flocking behavior algorithm (Symbolics) (Ref: Reynolds, Craig W.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/05\/flocks-reynolds.pdf\"><em>Flocks,<\/em>\u00a0<i>Herds and Schools: A Distributed Behavior Model<\/i><\/a>. Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 87 Proceedings) 21(4) July 1987, p. 25-34.)<\/li>\n<li><i>Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice<\/i><\/li>\n<li>Rob Cook receives the 1987 ACM SIGGRAPH CG Achievement Award<\/li>\n<li>Don Greenberg receives the 1987 ACM SIGGRAPH Steven A. Coons Award<\/li>\n<li>Advanced Computing Center for the Arts and Design (ACCAD) founded at Ohio State (formerly CGRG)<\/li>\n<li>Omnibus closes, eliminating DP and Abel<\/li>\n<li>Cranston\/Csuri Productions closes<\/li>\n<li>Marching Cubes algorithm (Lorensen and Cline \u2013 GE) (Ref: Lorensen, William and Harvey E. Cline.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2017\/03\/cline-lorensen.pdf\"><i>Marching Cubes: A High Resolution 3D Surface Construction Algorithm<\/i><\/a>. Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH 87 Proceedings) 21(4) July 1987, p. 163-170. )<\/li>\n<li>Metrolight Studios, RezN8 Productions, Kleiser\/Walczak Construction Co., DeGraf\/Wahrman founded<\/li>\n<li>Adobe Illustrator<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Story Behind Adobe Illustrator (Part 1 of 3) | Adobe Creative Cloud\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1gaCKT_Ncdk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>https:\/\/ohiostate.pressbooks.pub\/graphicshistory\/back-matter\/cg-historical-timeline\/ 1938 Valensi proposes color TV 1939 Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard design the Audio Oscillator \u00a0 1949 John Whitney enters first International Experimental Film Competition in Belgium Mary Ellen Butte \u00a0 1950 Cybernetics and Society \u2013 Norbert Weiner (MIT) Ben Laposky uses oscilloscope to display waveforms which were photographed as artwork \u00a0 1951 Graphics […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2343"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2343"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2369,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2343\/revisions\/2369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}