Raphael<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>Italian in full\u00a0Raffaello Sanzio<\/span>\u00a0or\u00a0Raffaello Santi<\/span>\u00a0(born\u00a0April 6, 1483, Urbino, Duchy of Urbino [Italy]\u2014died\u00a0April 6, 1520, Rome,\u00a0Papal States<\/a>\u00a0[Italy]), master painter and architect of the Italian\u00a0 <\/a>High Renaissance<\/a>. Raphael is best known for his\u00a0 Madonnas<\/a>\u00a0and for his large figure\u00a0 compositions<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0 Vatican<\/a>. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of\u00a0 composition<\/a>\u00a0and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of\u00a0 <\/a>human<\/a>\u00a0grandeur.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery _builder_version=”3.0.91″ show_title_and_caption=”off” show_pagination=”off” gallery_ids=”2173,2172,2170,2171″ fullwidth=”off” orientation=”landscape” zoom_icon_color=”#2ea3f2″ hover_overlay_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.9)” background_layout=”light” pagination_font_size_tablet=”51″ pagination_line_height_tablet=”2″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.0.91″ show_divider=”on” color=”#000000″ divider_weight=”3″ \/][et_pb_text admin_label=”Graphic Design” _builder_version=”3.0.91″ background_layout=”light”]<\/p>\n

Graphic Design in the Renaissance<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\nJohannes Gutenberg<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>in full\u00a0Johann Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg\u00a0<\/span>(born\u00a014th century,\u00a0Mainz<\/a>\u00a0[Germany]\u2014died\u00a0probably February 3, 1468, Mainz), German craftsman and inventor who originated a method of\u00a0 <\/a>printing<\/a>\u00a0from <\/span>movable type that was used without important change until the 20th century. The unique elements of his\u00a0 invention<\/a>\u00a0consisted of a mold, with punch-stamped matrices (metal prisms used to mold the face of the type) with which type could be cast precisely and in large quantities; a type-metal alloy; a new press, derived from those used in wine making, papermaking, and bookbinding; and an oil-based printing\u00a0 ink<\/a>. None of these features existed in Chinese or Korean printing, or in the existing European technique of stamping letters on various surfaces, or in woodblock printing.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Johannes Gutenberg<\/a><\/p>\n
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[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_gallery _builder_version=”3.0.91″ show_title_and_caption=”off” show_pagination=”off” gallery_ids=”2175,2176,2177,2178,2179″ fullwidth=”off” orientation=”landscape” zoom_icon_color=”#2ea3f2″ hover_overlay_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.9)” background_layout=”light” pagination_font_size_tablet=”51″ pagination_line_height_tablet=”2″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_divider _builder_version=”3.0.91″ show_divider=”on” color=”#000000″ divider_weight=”3″ \/][et_pb_text admin_label=”D\u00fcrer” _builder_version=”3.0.91″ background_layout=”light”]<\/p>\n
Albrecht D\u00fcrer (1471\u20131528)<\/strong><\/h3>\nA supremely gifted and versatile German artist of the Renaissance period, Albrecht D\u00fcrer (1471\u20131528) was born in the Franconian city of Nuremberg, one of the strongest artistic and commercial centers in Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. He was a brilliant\u00a0 painter\u00a0<\/a>draftsman<\/a>, and writer, though his first and probably greatest artistic impact was in the medium of\u00a0 printmaking<\/a>.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcrer apprenticed with his father, who was a goldsmith, and with the local painter Michael Wolgemut, whose workshop produced\u00a0 woodcut illustrations\u00a0<\/a>for major books and publications. An admirer of his compatriot Martin Schongauer, D\u00fcrer revolutionized printmaking, elevating it to the level of an independent art form. He expanded its tonal and dramatic range, and provided the imagery with a new conceptual foundation. By the age of thirty, D\u00fcrer had completed or begun three of his most famous series of woodcuts on religious subjects:\u00a0The Apocalypse<\/em>\u00a0(1498;\u00a019.73.209,\u00a0<\/a>18.65.8<\/a>), the\u00a0Large Woodcut Passion<\/em>\u00a0cycle (ca. 1497\u20131500), and the\u00a0Life of the Virgin<\/em>\u00a0(begun 1500). He went on to produce independent prints, such as the\u00a0engraving\u00a0<\/a>Adam and Eve<\/em>\u00a0(1504;\u00a019.73.1<\/a>), and small, self-contained groups of images, such as the so-called\u00a0Meisterstiche<\/em>\u00a0(master engravings) featuring\u00a0Knight, Death, and the Devil<\/em>\u00a0(1513;\u00a043.106.2<\/a>),\u00a0Saint Jerome in His Study<\/em>\u00a0(1514), and\u00a0Melencolia\u00a0I<\/em>\u00a0(1514;\u00a043.106.1<\/a>), which were intended more for connoisseurs and collectors than for popular devotion. Their technical virtuosity, intellectual scope, and psychological depth were unmatched by earlier printed work.<\/p>\n
Link to images \u2013\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n
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Advent of Science Publications<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\nThe term \u201cRenaissance man\u201d comes from fifteenth-century Italy and refers to the idea of a person with knowledge and skills in a number of different areas. Perhaps, no single individual defines the idea of a Renaissance man better than Leonardo da Vinci \u2013 an artist, scientist, architect, engineer and inventor.<\/h4>\n
Though Leonardo da Vinci may be most famous for his works as an artist, he actually spent quite a bit more time working on his endeavors in science and technology. Of course, his detailed sketches and distinct artistry played a large role in his inventions, and his sketchbooks later provided evidence that da Vinci had envisioned many ideas long before the technology to build them actually existed.<\/p>\n
One of the most prolific inventors in history, Leonardo da Vinci dreamed up inventions and innovations across a variety of fields. Whether designing weapons of war, flying machines, water systems or work tools, da Vinci the inventor (much like da Vinci the artist) was never afraid to look beyond traditional thinking or \u201cdream big\u201d.<\/p>\n
DaVinci Notebooks<\/a><\/p>\n
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Scientific Books<\/strong><\/h4>\nAntiquarian science books<\/b>\u00a0are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning\u00a0science<\/a>,\u00a0 mathematics<\/a>and\u00a0sometimes\u00a0 engineering<\/a>. These books are important primary references for the study of the\u00a0 history of science and technology<\/a>, they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry (History of science<\/a>,\u00a0 History of mathematics<\/a>, etc.)<\/p>\n
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Newspapers<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n
The Prominent and Prodigiously Popular\u00a0Poor Richard \u2013\u00a0<\/i>By Lisa Morgan, Summer 2008<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
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Benjamin<\/strong>\u00a0Franklin.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
T<\/span>hroughout Benjamin Franklin\u2019s long and distinguished life, he achieved success and notoriety as a printer, author, postmaster, inventor and scientist, statesman and diplomat, and sage. But perhaps the most memorable contribution Franklin made to Americana was\u00a0Poor Richard\u2019s Almanack<\/em>, which proved itself a brilliant success among its contemporaries and endures as a lasting legacy to the American ideals of morality, frugality, industry, and humor.<\/p>\n
Poor Richard\u2019s Almanac<\/a><\/p>\n
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$\"\"$ <\/a>H<\/em>arper\u2019s\u00a0<\/em>BAZAAR<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>is a world-renowned arbiter of fashion and good taste. Since its inception in 1867 as America\u2019s first fashion magazine,\u00a0BAZAAR<\/i>\u00a0has been home to extraordinary talents of Man Ray and Richard Avedon, and continues that tradition today with photographers including Peter Lindbergh and S\u00f8lve Sundsb\u00f8.<\/p>\n
Sophisticated, elegant and provocative,\u00a0Harper\u2019s\u00a0<\/em>BAZAAR<\/i>\u00a0<\/em>is the style resource for women who are the first to buy the best, from casual to couture. With style, authority and insider insight,\u00a0BAZAAR<\/i>\u00a0focuses strictly on fashion and beauty, and covers what\u2019s new to what\u2019s next.<\/p>\n
Month after month,\u00a0Harper\u2019s\u00a0<\/em>BAZAAR<\/i>\u00a0<\/em>showcases the world\u2019s most visionary stylists and talented designers, to deliver readers a visually stunning portrayal of the world of fashion and beauty.<\/p>\n
BAZAAR<\/i>\u00a0is available in 43 countries around the globe.<\/p>\n
Harper\u2019s Bazaar<\/a><\/p>\n
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Lithography<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n
THE HISTORY OF LITHOGRAPHY Alois Senefelder invented lithography in 1798. From its modest beginnings, it has become one of the largest industries in the United States\u2014a part of the Printing Industry, which is the third largest manufacturing industry in the U.S. For many years, indeed over a century and a half, lithography was a very small segment of the printing industry, used mainly by artists to produce prints. However, during the late 1800\u2019s and throughout the twentieth century, great advancements in technology made lithography into the most popular form of printing in the United States. The history of lithography occurred in four major steps: 1) The invention and early use of the process; 2) The introduction of photography to the process; 3) The addition of the offset press to the process; 4) The revolution of the lithographic plate.<\/span><\/p>\n
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Link –\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n
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ChromoLithography<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n
The 50 years following the Civil War have been called the period of “chromo civilization” in America. Millions of chromolithographs were made, and they became the customary decoration in most homes throughout the country –what print historian Peter Marzio calls “the core of American life.” One of the great appeals of chromolithography was its low production costs, allowing thousands of bright, attractive colored to be sold inexpensively, bringing glimpses of grand art within reach of the masses. But chromolithography was much more than this. Through chromolithography, historical events were graphically depicted, American views were spread far and wide, and all aspects of American life were vividly documented. Alongside these pragmatic purposes, artists employed the process to create prints that very closely followed their artistic vision, and many chromolithographs, which were produced using heavy oil-based inks, closely duplicated the appearance of actual oil paintings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
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Link to process –\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n
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Photography<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/h4>\nHistory of photography<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>method of\u00a0recording<\/a>\u00a0the image of an object through the action of\u00a0 <\/a>light<\/a>, or related\u00a0 radiation<\/a>, on a light-sensitive material. The word, derived from the Greek\u00a0photos<\/em>\u00a0(\u201clight\u201d) and\u00a0graphein<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cto draw\u201d), was first used in the 1830s.<\/span><\/p>\n
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March <\/span>7th 1765:\u00a0Birth of Joseph Ni\u00e9pce<\/strong>\u00a0in Chalon-sur-Sa\u00f4ne (he will change his name to Nic\u00e9phore later). His father is a King counseller and deposits collector for Chalonnais. He has one sister & two brothers.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u2022 1786: Joseph studies in <\/span>Angers at the Oratorian Brothers. Physics and Chemistry are his passions.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u2022 1788: Leaves the Oratoire and enlists in the National Guard in Chalon-sur-Sa\u00f4ne.<\/span>
\nHe signs his letters using\u00a0Nic\u00e9phore as a first name<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u2022 1789: French Revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u2022 1792: Enlistment in the Revolutionary Army (south of France & Sardinia campaigns).<\/span><\/p>\n
\u2022 1794: Nic\u00e9phore leaves the Army and lives in Nice. He gets married. His elder brother Claude comes to join him.<\/span><\/p>\n
\u2022 1795: Birth of his son Isidore.<\/span><\/p>\n
Niepce<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
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Louis Jacques Mande DAGUERRE (1787-1851)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
The\u00a0daguerreotype process<\/b>\u00a0was the first practicable method of obtaining permanent images with a camera. The man who gave his name to the process and perfected the method of producing direct positive images on a silver-coated copper plate was\u00a0Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre<\/b>, a French artist and scenic painter. Daguerre had began experimenting with ways of fixing the images formed by the\u00a0camera obscura<\/b>\u00a0around 1824, but in 1829 he entered into partnership with\u00a0Joseph Nicephore Niepce<\/b>\u00a0<\/a>(1765-1833), a French amateur scientist and inventor who, in 1826, had succeeded in securing a picture of the view from his window by using a a camera obscura and a pewter plate coated with bitumen. Niepce called his picture-making process\u00a0heliography<\/b>\u00a0(“sun drawing”), but although he had managed to produce a permanent image using a camera, the exposure time was around 8 hours. Niepce later abandoned pewter plates in favour of silver-plated sheets of copper and discovered that the vapour from iodine reacted with the silver coating to produce\u00a0silver iodide<\/b>, a light sensitive compound.<\/span><\/p>\n
Daguerre<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
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William Henry Fox Talbot (1800\u20131877) and the Invention of Photography<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
A young English gentleman on his honeymoon sat sketching by the shore of Lake Como early in October 1833, one eye pressed close to a camera lucida. With this simple draftsman\u2019s aid, consisting of an adjustable metal arm fastened at one end to the artist\u2019s sketchbook or drawing board and supporting a glass prism at the other, the young man saw a refracted image of the Italian landscape superimposed as if by magic on the pages of his sketchbook. It seemed a simple task to trace the features of the village buildings, lake, and distant mountains with his pencil. But alas, it only seemed simple, he later recalled, \u201cfor when the eye was removed from the prism\u2014in which all looked beautiful\u2014I found that the faithless pencil had only left traces on the paper melancholy to behold.\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
Talbot Fox<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
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<\/iframe> \n<a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/82081101\">Casting Metal Type<\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/user3302555\">Dave Keyes<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\">Vimeo<\/a>.<\/p>\nTraditional letterpress printing requires physical letters, cast from metal or carved from wood, which get inked and pressed into paper to make a print. In the next two blog posts, we\u2019ll take an introductory look into how these letters get made.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4>Industrial Revolution<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\nA\u00a0rotary printing press<\/b>\u00a0is a\u00a0<a title=\"Printing press\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Printing_press\">printing press<\/a>\u00a0in which the images to be printed are curved around a cylinder. Printing can be done on a large number of substrates, including paper, cardboard, and plastic. Substrates can be sheet feed or unwound on a continuous roll through the press to be printed and further modified if required (e.g. die cut, overprint varnished, embossed). Printing presses that use continuous rolls are sometimes referred to as “web presses”.<\/span><\/p>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/art85.patrickaievoli.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/1280px-Hoes_six-cylinder_press.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-532 alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/art85.patrickaievoli.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/1280px-Hoes_six-cylinder_press-300x177.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"433\" height=\"254\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rotary_printing_press\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Machine Printing<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Printing Process - Sheet Offset Press - English\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RW1HJdW5XLs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n <\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Next –<\/strong> <\/span><\/h3>\nEdison<\/span><\/p>\nTesla<\/span><\/p>\nMuybridge<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n <\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section bb_built=”1″][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Leonardo da Vinci” _builder_version=”3.0.91″ background_layout=”light”] Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)\u00a0was a painter, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. His natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he epitomized the term \u201cRenaissance man.\u201d Today he remains best known for his art, including two paintings that remain among the world\u2019s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/222"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=222"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/222\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2240,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/222\/revisions\/2240"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=222"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=222"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hod.post101resources.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=222"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}